Why Concord? How did a smal village in the hinterlands of Boston become, by popular reckoning, the birthplace of two revolutions the American War of Independence, and the American Renaissance of literature and thought that began with the Transcendentalists' challenge to established pieties? In The Transcendentalists and Their World, the distinguished historian Robert A. Gross gives a rich and beautifully detailed account of the town that Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the Alcotts called home. A place of more than two thousand souls in the antebellum era, Concord was a community in ferment, one whose small, ordered society, founded by Puritans and defended by Minutemen, was dramatically unsettled by the expansive forces of capitalism and democracy as the town became more tightly integrated with the wider world. These changes posed a challenge to a society built on inherited institutions and involuntary associations; now citizens placed a new premium on autonomy and choice. Concord was ripe for Emerson and Thoreau. The Transcendentalists and Their World is both an intimate journey into the life of a town and a searching cultural study of major American writers, who plumbed the reaches of the universe for spiritual truths—and took stock of the rapidly changing contours of their surroundings. It shows us familiar literary figures alongside their neighbors-white and Black, devout and blas-phemous, and situated at every level of the social order—and it reveals how this common life in Concord entered powerfully into their works. No American community has been recovered so richly and located so meaningfully within the larger American story.